水杨酸

研究显示水杨酸常规凝胶具有皮肤刺激潜力，而有机凝胶可降低刺激，证实水杨酸存在皮肤刺激风险。

The study shows that conventional gel of salicylic acid has skin irritant potential, while organogel reduces irritation, confirming the skin irritation risk of salicylic acid.

综述提及水杨酸可引起皮肤刺激，但未提供新证据，且主要讨论保湿霜成分，不证实水杨酸的刺激风险。

The review mentions that salicylic acid can cause skin irritation but provides no new evidence, and mainly discusses moisturizer ingredients, not confirming the irritation risk.

研究显示水杨酸在24小时内对小鼠皮肤产生中度至重度刺激，证实其皮肤刺激风险。

The study shows that salicylic acid generates moderate to severe skin irritation within 24 h in mice, confirming its skin irritation risk.

研究使用水杨酸作为刺激物之一，但主要关注朗格汉斯细胞迁移机制，未直接评估皮肤刺激风险。

The study uses salicylic acid as one of the irritants but focuses on Langerhans cell migration mechanism, not directly assessing skin irritation risk.

研究显示酸性pH的水杨酸制剂显著增加皮肤刺激和屏障破坏，证实其皮肤刺激风险。

The study shows that acidic pH formulations of salicylic acid significantly increase skin irritation and barrier disruption, confirming its skin irritation risk.

综述指出水杨酸痤疮产品未引起水杨酸中毒病例，仅提及皮肤刺激是已知副作用，但未证实该成分存在严重皮肤刺激风险。

The review states that no cases of salicylism have resulted from salicylic acid acne products, and only skin irritation is mentioned as a known side effect, but does not confirm a significant skin irritation risk.

研究显示水杨酸在屏障受损皮肤中渗透显著增加，且与红斑和TEWL相关，表明水杨酸可加重皮肤刺激。

The study shows that salicylic acid penetration is significantly increased in barrier-perturbed skin and correlates with erythema and TEWL, indicating that salicylic acid can exacerbate skin irritation.

水杨酸单独使用仅引起轻微眼刺激，但与乙醇或乙醇酸联用时刺激增强，存在协同效应，结论为混合证据

Salicylic acid alone caused mild ocular irritation, but irritation increased when combined with ethanol or glycolic acid, indicating synergistic effects; mixed evidence

水杨酸作为非致敏物对照，未改变淋巴细胞标志物或细胞因子，表明无致敏性

Salicylic acid used as non-sensitizer control, did not alter lymphocyte markers or cytokines, indicating no sensitization potential.

水杨酸作为刺激物对照，未诱导IL-18产生，表明无致敏性

Salicylic acid used as irritant control, did not induce IL-18 production, indicating no sensitization potential.

水杨酸作为非致敏物对照，未诱导表面标志物上调，表明无致敏性

Salicylic acid used as non-sensitizer control, did not upregulate surface markers, indicating no sensitization potential.

水杨酸作为刺激物对照，未诱导IL-18产生，表明无致敏性

Salicylic acid used as irritant control, did not induce IL-18 production, indicating no sensitization potential.

水杨酸作为刺激物对照，未诱导IL-8释放，表明无致敏性

Salicylic acid used as irritant control, did not induce IL-8 release, indicating no sensitization potential.

水杨酸作为非致敏物对照，未诱导MIP-1β产生，表明无致敏性

Salicylic acid used as non-sensitizer control, did not induce MIP-1β production, indicating no sensitization potential.

综述指出水杨酸痤疮产品未导致水杨酸中毒病例，仅提及动物数据建议孕妇避免，但无人体致敏证据

The review states no known cases of salicylism from salicylic acid acne products; only animal data suggest avoidance in pregnancy, but no human sensitization evidence.

水杨酸作为辅助成分，未报告致敏反应

Salicylic acid used as adjunct, no sensitization reported.

乙酰水杨酸作为阴性对照，未显示光毒性，但水杨酸本身未直接测试；文献未提供水杨酸的光毒性证据。

Acetyl salicylic acid was used as a negative control and showed no phototoxicity, but salicylic acid itself was not directly tested; the literature does not provide evidence of phototoxicity for salicylic acid.

文献未研究水杨酸的光毒性，水杨酸仅作为背景提及，主要评估变性酒精和变性剂的安全性。

The literature does not study the phototoxicity of salicylic acid; salicylic acid is only mentioned as background, mainly evaluating the safety of denatured alcohol and denaturants.

该文比较水杨酸换肤与光疗治疗痤疮，未提及孕期风险，且水杨酸为外用，不涉及孕期安全性结论

The study compares salicylic acid peel and phototherapy for acne, does not address pregnancy risk; topical use, no conclusion on pregnancy safety.

水杨酸被列为HDAC抑制剂，动物研究显示致畸，但多为高剂量系统暴露，外用剂量相关性需谨慎

Salicylic acid listed as HDAC inhibitor with teratogenicity in animal studies, but mostly high-dose systemic exposure; relevance to topical use cautious.

口服/系统暴露水杨酸与生殖发育毒性相关，但化妆品外用暴露量仅为婴儿阿司匹林的20%，风险低

Oral/systemic salicylate exposure associated with reproductive/developmental toxicity, but cosmetic topical exposure estimated at 20% of baby aspirin, low risk.

水杨酸钠被列为强胚胎毒性参考化合物，但该文为方法学验证，非直接证实水杨酸外用孕期风险

Sodium salicylate is listed as a strongly embryotoxic reference compound, but the study is a method validation, not direct evidence for topical salicylic acid risk during pregnancy.

水杨酸作为阴离子交换系统抑制剂抑制丙戊酸摄取，但该文研究丙戊酸转运机制，非水杨酸孕期风险直接证据

Salicylic acid inhibited valproic acid uptake as an anion exchange inhibitor, but the study focuses on valproic acid transport, not direct evidence for salicylic acid pregnancy risk.

口服高剂量二氟尼柳（水杨酸衍生物）致兔母体贫血和致畸，但致畸继发于母体贫血，且胎盘转运低；水杨酸外用剂量远低于口服，相关性需谨慎

Oral high-dose diflunisal caused maternal anemia and teratogenicity in rabbits, but teratogenicity secondary to anemia and low placental transfer; topical salicylic acid doses are much lower, relevance cautious.

口服高剂量乙酰水杨酸（水杨酸前体）致胚胎毒性，甲苯增强毒性；但为系统暴露，外用剂量远低于此

Oral high-dose acetylsalicylic acid caused embryotoxicity, potentiated by toluene; systemic exposure, topical doses much lower.

综述指出水杨酸痤疮产品未引起水杨酸中毒，仅在特殊情况下（高浓度大面积用于角化过度皮肤）有风险，但非该成分的固有风险。

The review states that no cases of salicylism have resulted from salicylic acid acne products; risk only under extreme conditions (high concentration on widespread hyperkeratotic skin), not an inherent risk of the ingredient.