羟基乙酸

0.1 M乙醇酸无刺激，1 M乙醇酸有刺激，表明刺激性与浓度相关。

0.1 M glycolic acid is non-irritant; 1 M glycolic acid is irritant, indicating concentration-dependent irritation.

综述中乙醇酸作为联合治疗的一部分，不良事件包括轻度暂时性刺激，但未单独评估乙醇酸的刺激风险。

Glycolic acid is part of combination therapy; adverse events include mild transient irritation, but irritation risk of glycolic acid alone is not assessed.

乙醇酸（6%凝胶和乳液）未引起皮肤刺激或屏障损伤，但乳糖酸表现更优。

Glycolic acid (6% gel and emulsion) did not cause skin irritation or barrier impairment, though lactobionic acid performed better.

该文研究乙醇酸递送系统以降低刺激，但未直接测试皮肤刺激，仅提及刺激是问题。

This study investigates delivery systems to reduce irritation, but does not directly test skin irritation; only mentions irritation as a concern.

8%乙醇酸预处理4周后，SLS激发未增加TEWL或红斑，表明乙醇酸不引起刺激，反而可能改善屏障功能。

After 4-week pretreatment with 8% glycolic acid, SLS challenge did not increase TEWL or erythema, indicating glycolic acid does not cause irritation and may improve barrier function.

10%乙醇酸联合氢醌霜每日两次，配合20-70%乙醇酸换肤，仅出现轻微暂时性刺激，未报告严重刺激。

10% glycolic acid cream twice daily plus 20-70% peels; only mild transient irritation reported, no severe irritation.

8%乙醇酸霜耐受性良好，仅1例因刺激退出，表明低浓度乙醇酸刺激风险低。

8% glycolic acid cream was well tolerated; only 1 withdrawal due to irritation, indicating low irritation risk at low concentration.

该文献研究的是微球递送系统，乙醇酸作为PLGA的组成成分，但未单独测试其眼刺激性；结膜下注射150 μg活性剂未引起眼部毒性。

This study investigates microsphere delivery system; glycolic acid is a component of PLGA but not tested alone for ocular irritation. Subconjunctival injection of 150 μg active agent did not cause ocular toxicity.

该文献研究的是纳米颗粒平台，乙醇酸作为PLGA的组成成分，但未单独测试其眼刺激性；Draize试验和组织病理学检查未检测到眼部刺激。

This study investigates a nanoparticle platform; glycolic acid is a component of PLGA but not tested alone for ocular irritation. Draize test and histopathological examination detected no ocular irritation.

该文献研究的是纳米颗粒靶向递送系统，乙醇酸作为PLGA的组成成分，但未单独测试其眼刺激性；未报告眼部刺激。

This study investigates a nanoparticle targeting delivery system; glycolic acid is a component of PLGA but not tested alone for ocular irritation. No ocular irritation was reported.

该文献研究的是纳米颗粒制剂，乙醇酸作为PLGA的组成成分，但未单独测试其眼刺激性；PVA和pluronic乳化的纳米颗粒在HCEC细胞中未显示显著细胞毒性，表明无眼刺激。

This study investigates nanoparticle formulations; glycolic acid is a component of PLGA but not tested alone for ocular irritation. PVA- and pluronic-emulsified NPs exhibited no significant cytotoxicity in HCEC cells, indicating no ocular irritation.

该文献研究的是纳米颗粒递送系统，乙醇酸作为PLGA的组成成分，但未单独测试其眼刺激性；体外和体内眼刺激试验均未检测到眼部刺激。

This study investigates a nanoparticle delivery system; glycolic acid is a component of PLGA but not tested alone for ocular irritation. Both in vitro (HET-CAM) and in vivo (Draize) tests detected no ocular irritation.

该文献研究的是药物递送平台，乙醇酸作为PLGA的组成成分，但未单独测试其眼刺激性；组织学分析显示角膜和结膜无形态或结构变化，且未引起眼部炎症或不适，表明该平台无眼刺激。

This study investigates a drug delivery platform; glycolic acid is a component of PLGA but not tested alone for ocular irritation. Histological analysis showed no morphological or structural changes in cornea and conjunctiva, and no ocular inflammation or discomfort was induced, indicating no ocular irritation.

该文献研究的是微粒递送系统，乙醇酸作为PLG的组成成分，但未单独测试其眼刺激性；微粒尺寸控制在10微米以下以避免眼刺激，且体内实验未报告眼刺激。

This study investigates microparticle delivery system; glycolic acid is a component of PLG but not tested alone for ocular irritation. Particle size was controlled to <10 μm to avoid eye irritation, and no ocular irritation was reported in vivo.

该文献研究的是FK506纳米球，乙醇酸作为PLGA的组成成分，但未单独测试其眼刺激性；未报告眼部刺激。

This study investigates FK506 nanospheres; glycolic acid is a component of PLGA but not tested alone for ocular irritation. No ocular irritation was reported.

乙醇酸预处理后UVB诱导HaCaT细胞毒性，联合暴露上调KLK7、下调FLG、增加炎症因子，证实光毒性

GA pretreatment followed by UVB induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells; combined exposure upregulated KLK7, downregulated FLG, increased inflammatory cytokines, confirming phototoxicity

乙醇酸组有3例出现光敏感等不良反应，但主要终点是疗效而非光毒性，且未单独评估乙醇酸的光毒性

3 patients in GA group experienced photosensitivity as adverse effect, but primary endpoint was efficacy, not phototoxicity; no separate assessment of GA phototoxicity

该联合制剂在日晒期间使用，副作用罕见，未报告光毒性，表明该浓度乙醇酸在防晒下无光毒性风险

The combination product used during sun exposure had rare side effects and no reported phototoxicity, indicating no phototoxicity risk at this concentration with sunscreen

5mM乙醇酸与UVB联合处理HaCaT细胞，协同抑制增殖、诱导凋亡，增加ROS，证实光毒性

5mM glycolic acid combined with UVB synergistically inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and increased ROS in HaCaT cells, confirming phototoxicity

10%乙醇酸(pH3.5)每日涂抹4周后，皮肤对UV更敏感，表现为晒伤细胞增加和最小红斑量降低，证实光毒性风险

10% glycolic acid (pH 3.5) applied daily for 4 weeks increased skin sensitivity to UV, evidenced by increased sunburn cells and decreased MED, confirming phototoxicity risk

10%乙醇酸预处理后，UVB诱导的晒黑增加，部分受试者UVA晒黑也增加，提示光毒性风险

Pretreatment with 10% glycolic acid increased UVB-induced tanning, and UVA tanning in some subjects, indicating phototoxicity risk

4% AHA溶液（含甘醇酸）显著减少白头和黑头，未报告致痘，表明在该浓度下无致痘风险。

4% AHA solution (containing glycolic acid) significantly reduced whiteheads and blackheads, no comedogenicity reported, indicating no comedogenic risk at this concentration.

综述指出乙二醇及其代谢物乙醇酸在大鼠中引起胚胎毒性，但兔不敏感，且认为人体在环境相关剂量下无胚胎毒性风险；但证据基于口服高剂量动物实验，外用途径未涉及。

The review states that ethylene glycol and its metabolite glycolic acid cause embryotoxicity in rats but not rabbits, and concludes no risk to humans at environmental doses; however, evidence is from high-dose oral animal studies, not dermal exposure.

兔对乙二醇发育毒性不敏感，即使高浓度乙醇酸（≤12.5 mM）在体外也无影响，且兔的毒代动力学更接近人类，提示乙醇酸在人体外用剂量下可能无发育毒性风险。

Rabbits are insensitive to ethylene glycol developmental toxicity; even high glycolic acid concentrations (≤12.5 mM) had no effect in vitro, and rabbit toxicokinetics are more similar to humans, suggesting low risk at dermal doses.

模型预测人体经职业或环境暴露后血液乙醇酸水平不太可能达到大鼠发育毒性水平，但该结论基于口服/吸入暴露，未涉及化妆品外用途径。

The model predicts that human blood glycolic acid levels from occupational or environmental exposures are unlikely to reach levels associated with developmental toxicity in rats, but this conclusion is based on oral/inhalation exposure, not dermal cosmetic use.

综述指出乙醇酸是乙二醇发育毒性的致病因子，但机制未明，且无人体发育毒性报告，仅提供机理讨论。

The review identifies glycolic acid as the causative agent for developmental toxicity, but mechanism is unclear and no human developmental effects reported, only mechanistic discussion.

该综述比较了不同物种早期妊娠期间毒物向胚胎分布的机制，提及乙醇酸作为乙二醇的代谢物在兔中可能通过卵黄囊转运，但未直接研究乙醇酸的发育毒性，仅提供机理背景。

This review compares mechanisms of toxicant disposition to the embryo across species, mentioning glycolic acid as a metabolite of ethylene glycol in rabbits, but does not directly study developmental toxicity of glycolic acid, only providing mechanistic background.

大鼠口服乙二醇后，血液乙醇酸水平在发育毒性LOEL（1000 mg/kg）时达到4.8 mM，且呈非线性增加，支持乙醇酸在发育毒性中的作用，但暴露为口服系统性。

After oral ethylene glycol, blood glycolic acid reached 4.8 mM at the LOEL for developmental toxicity (1000 mg/kg), with nonlinear kinetics, supporting the role of glycolic acid, but exposure was oral systemic.

大鼠胚胎体外暴露于乙醇酸（≥3 mM）导致胚胎毒性和细胞坏死，证实乙醇酸具有胚胎毒性，但为体外实验，暴露浓度较高。

Rat embryos exposed to glycolic acid (≥3 mM) in vitro showed embryotoxicity and cell necrosis, confirming embryotoxic potential, but in vitro with high concentrations.

大鼠妊娠期给予乙醇酸（口服或皮下）导致胎儿体重下降和骨骼畸形，证实乙醇酸在无酸中毒时即可引起发育毒性，但暴露途径为系统性（口服/皮下），非外用。

Administration of glycolic acid (oral or subcutaneous) to pregnant rats caused decreased fetal weight and skeletal malformations, confirming glycolic acid can cause developmental toxicity even without acidosis, but exposure was systemic, not dermal.

该文献直接研究乙醇酸对皮肤渗透性的影响，结果显示5%和10%乙醇酸（pH3.0）处理3周后，氢醌和麝香二甲苯的24小时吸收无显著增加，水吸收也无差异，表明乙醇酸不增强皮肤渗透性。

This study directly investigates glycolic acid's effect on skin permeability; results show no significant increase in absorption of hydroquinone or musk xylol after 3-week treatment with 5% or 10% glycolic acid (pH 3.0), indicating no enhancement of skin penetration.

该文献直接研究乙醇酸的经皮吸收，结果显示吸收呈pH、浓度和时间依赖性，4%乙醇酸在pH2.0时吸收显著高于pH3.8，20%乙醇酸（pH1.9）吸收更高，证实乙醇酸可经皮渗透。

This study directly investigates glycolic acid skin absorption; results show pH-, concentration-, and time-dependent absorption, with higher absorption at lower pH and higher concentration, confirming glycolic acid penetrates skin.