甘露糖

文献未研究甘露糖的皮肤刺激，PA-MSHA引起的皮肤刺激归因于免疫反应过度激活，而非甘露糖本身。

The literature does not study mannose skin irritation; skin irritation caused by PA-MSHA is attributed to overactivation of immune response, not mannose itself.

该文献研究一种含甘露糖的胞外多糖（EPS）的紫外线防护作用，结果显示EPS具有光保护作用，未发现甘露糖的光毒性。

The article studies an exopolysaccharide (EPS) containing mannose for UV-protective effects, showing photoprotection, not phototoxicity of mannose.

研究乙醇对糖基化的影响，甘露糖仅作为标记物使用，不直接研究甘露糖的致畸性。

Study focuses on ethanol's effect on glycosylation; mannose used only as a tracer, not directly studying mannose teratogenicity.

研究植物蛋白的胚胎毒性，甘露糖仅作为结合特异性参考，不直接研究甘露糖的致畸性。

Study investigates embryotoxicity of plant proteins; mannose used only as binding specificity reference, not directly studying mannose teratogenicity.

综述提及D-甘露糖在高糖环境下诱导后肾畸形，但无直接实验数据，仅提供机制背景。

Review mentions D-mannose induces metanephros dysmorphogenesis in high-glucose ambience, but no direct experimental data, only mechanistic background.

综述提及甘露糖等燃料与先天性缺陷相关，但无直接实验数据，仅提供机制假说。

Review mentions mannose as one of fuels implicated in congenital defects, but no direct experimental data, only mechanistic hypothesis.

甘露糖暴露导致胎儿生长迟缓和骨骼发育延迟，但未观察到大体畸形，提示风险为生长迟缓而非结构畸形。

Mannose exposure caused fetal growth retardation and delayed skeletal development, but no gross anomalies, suggesting risk is growth retardation rather than structural malformations.

孕鼠输注D-甘露糖后，胚胎出现神经管缺陷、轴向旋转异常等畸形，证实其体内致畸性。

Infusion of D-mannose in pregnant rats caused neural tube defects, abnormal axial rotation, etc., confirming in vivo teratogenicity.

体外培养显示D-甘露糖导致大鼠胚胎生长迟缓和神经管闭合缺陷，证实其致畸风险。

In vitro culture showed D-mannose caused growth retardation and faulty neural-tube closure in rat embryos, confirming teratogenic risk.

体外实验证实甘露糖干扰糖酵解导致胚胎畸形，支持其致畸风险。

In vitro experiments confirm mannose disrupts glycolysis leading to embryonic malformations, supporting teratogenic risk.