氢醌

综述提及氢醌等美白剂有皮肤刺激等不良反应，支持氢醌的皮肤刺激风险。

The review mentions that whitening agents such as hydroquinone have adverse effects including skin irritation, supporting hydroquinone's skin irritation risk.

综述指出氢醌单药及三联霜治疗黄褐斑有效，但不良反应包括皮肤刺激、干燥、烧灼感、红斑等，证实氢醌存在皮肤刺激风险。

The review states that hydroquinone monotherapy and triple combination cream are effective for melasma, but adverse events include skin irritation, dryness, burning, erythema, confirming hydroquinone's skin irritation risk.

氢醌组10%患者出现红斑和皮肤刺激，证实氢醌的皮肤刺激风险。

10% of hydroquinone group experienced erythema and skin irritation, confirming hydroquinone's skin irritation risk.

综述指出氢醌相关治疗的不良事件包括皮肤刺激、干燥、烧灼感和红斑，证实氢醌的皮肤刺激风险。

The review reports adverse events associated with hydroquinone-based treatments include skin irritation, dryness, burning, and erythema, confirming hydroquinone's skin irritation risk.

微海绵制剂旨在减少刺激，但仍有1例因过敏反应退出，提示氢醌可能引起刺激，但制剂设计减轻了风险。

The microsponge formulation aims to minimize irritation, but one patient discontinued due to allergic reaction, suggesting hydroquinone may cause irritation, though formulation reduces risk.

文章指出皮肤刺激可触发炎症后色素沉着，并建议使用氢醌控制色素沉着，但需避免刺激，暗示氢醌可能引起刺激。

The article states that skin irritation can trigger postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and recommends hydroquinone to control hyperpigmentation while avoiding irritation, implying hydroquinone may cause irritation.

研究使用含2%氢醌的乳膏，并记录皮肤刺激或副作用，但未具体说明氢醌相关刺激，然而提及副作用，可视为支持氢醌刺激风险。

The study used a cream containing 2% hydroquinone and noted skin irritation or side effects, though not specifically attributed to hydroquinone; however, it supports the risk of irritation.

该文献主要综述壬二酸，氢醌仅作为对照提及，未专门研究氢醌的皮肤刺激性，且提及壬二酸局部刺激轻微短暂，未涉及氢醌风险。

The article reviews azelaic acid, with hydroquinone mentioned only as a comparator; it does not specifically study hydroquinone's skin irritation, and notes azelaic acid's mild transient irritation, not hydroquinone's.

三名使用含氢醌美白霜的患者出现角膜后部条纹、巩膜变薄和斑块，证实眼刺激风险。

Three patients using hydroquinone-containing skin-lightening creams presented with posterior corneal striae, scleral thinning and plaques, confirming the risk of eye irritation.

综述指出氢醌生产工人出现眼色素沉着和少数永久性角膜损伤，证实眼刺激风险。

The review states that hydroquinone production workers develop eye pigmentation and, in a few cases, permanent corneal damage, confirming the risk of eye irritation.

使用含氢醌单苄醚的患者出现角膜色素沉着和结膜黑色素沉着，证实眼刺激风险。

Patients using monobenzone (monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone) developed corneal pigmentation and conjunctival melanosis, confirming the risk of eye irritation.

在氢醌组中，有2名参与者（8%）出现过敏性接触性皮炎，证实其致敏风险。

In the hydroquinone group, 2 participants (8%) developed allergic contact dermatitis, confirming its sensitization risk.

在5597例患者中，氢醌的阳性反应率为0.3%，证实其具有致敏性，但反应率较低。

In 5597 patients, hydroquinone had a positive reaction rate of 0.3%, confirming its sensitizing potential, though the rate is low.

在额外系列中，叔丁基氢醌的阳性反应率为8.7%，证实其致敏性。

In additional series, tert-butyl hydroquinone had a positive reaction rate of 8.7%, confirming its sensitizing potential.

该综述仅提及氢醌作为治疗选择，未讨论其致敏性，因此不相关。

The review only mentions hydroquinone as a treatment option without discussing its sensitization potential, so it is irrelevant.

该研究通过计算模型将氢醌识别为皮肤致敏的结构警报，但无实验数据，仅提供机理支持。

The study identifies hydroquinone as a structural alert for skin sensitization via computational models, but without experimental data, providing only mechanistic support.

氢醌在五个实验室中均引起强LLNA反应，证实其皮肤致敏性。

Hydroquinone elicited strong LLNA responses in all five laboratories, confirming its skin sensitization potential.

该研究主要关注色素沉着，氢醌作为脱色剂使用，未评估其致敏性，因此不相关。

The study focuses on hyperpigmentation, with hydroquinone used as a depigmenting agent; its sensitization potential is not assessed, so it is irrelevant.

综述指出氢醌可能引起过敏性接触性皮炎，但罕见，需停药。

The review states that hydroquinone may rarely cause allergic contact dermatitis, necessitating discontinuation.

该研究评估氢醌治疗黄褐斑的疗效，未专门研究光毒性；不良反应中提及光敏性，但未明确归因于氢醌，且氢醌作为治疗成分，非光毒性研究。

The study evaluates hydroquinone efficacy for melasma, not specifically phototoxicity; adverse effects include photosensitivity but not clearly attributed to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone is a therapeutic agent, not studied for phototoxicity.

摘要提及轻度局部光毒性或刺激性反应，但未明确归因于氢醌，且氢醌作为治疗成分，非光毒性研究。

Abstract mentions mild localized phototoxicity or irritant reactions, but not clearly attributed to hydroquinone; hydroquinone is a therapeutic agent, not studied for phototoxicity.

体外胚胎干细胞试验显示氢醌具有强胚胎毒性，提示存在发育风险，但为体外数据，需谨慎外推至人体。

In vitro embryonic stem cell test indicates strong embryotoxicity for hydroquinone, suggesting developmental risk, but it's in vitro data and extrapolation to humans requires caution.

综述指出氢醌在大鼠和兔中的发育和生殖毒性研究未显示显著影响，且皮肤毒性研究基本无全身毒性，因此不支持孕期风险。

The review states that developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with HQ in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated significant effects, and dermal toxicity studies are essentially devoid of systemic toxicity, thus not supporting pregnancy risk.

体外大鼠胚胎培养显示氢醌在0.1 mM浓度下导致100%致死，具有胚胎毒性，但为体外高浓度暴露，且暴露途径为直接培养，与化妆品外用剂量相关性需谨慎。

In vitro rat embryo culture shows hydroquinone causes 100% lethality at 0.1 mM, indicating embryotoxicity, but it's in vitro high concentration exposure, and route is direct culture, so relevance to cosmetic topical doses needs caution.

动物高剂量口服暴露（150 mg/kg/day）在母体毒性存在时观察到轻微发育改变，但无统计学显著差异；NOEL为75 mg/kg/day。提示高剂量下可能有风险，但人体相关性待证。

High oral doses (150 mg/kg/day) in animals produced minimal developmental alterations in the presence of maternal toxicity, but not statistically significant; NOEL is 75 mg/kg/day. Suggests possible risk at high doses, but human relevance needs confirmation.

文献指出氢醌的致癌和致畸潜力研究不足，但提及染色体畸变，未明确证实孕期风险，证据有限。

The literature notes that carcinogenic and teratogenic potentials have been inadequately studied, but mentions chromosome aberrations; evidence is insufficient to confirm pregnancy risk.

该文研究十肽-12，氢醌仅作为安全性对照提及，未提供氢醌经皮渗透数据。

The article studies decapeptide-12; hydroquinone is only mentioned as a safety comparator, and no data on its percutaneous penetration are provided.

氢醌作为模型化合物，实验显示肥皂水清洗后氢醌的渗透速率先增后减，最终总吸收量降低，证实其经皮渗透性。

Hydroquinone was used as a model chemical; the study showed that soap-water wash initially increased then decreased penetration rate, with reduced total absorption, confirming its percutaneous penetration.

该文研究山楂提取物，氢醌仅作为对照提及，未提供氢醌经皮渗透数据。

The article studies hawthorn extract; hydroquinone is only mentioned as a comparator, and no data on its percutaneous penetration are provided.

氢醌本身具有经皮渗透性，但SLN制剂可增加皮肤滞留并降低全身吸收，表明渗透风险可被调控。

Hydroquinone itself has percutaneous penetration, but SLN formulation increases skin retention and reduces systemic absorption, indicating the penetration risk can be modulated.

该文研究激光辅助递送，氢醌作为小分子对照，结果显示激光未增强氢醌的毛囊靶向，但未否定其经皮渗透性。

The article studies laser-assisted delivery; hydroquinone is used as a small-molecule control, and laser did not enhance its follicular targeting, but does not negate its percutaneous penetration.

该文主要研究脱氧熊果苷，氢醌仅作为对照提及，未提供氢醌经皮渗透数据。

The article focuses on deoxyArbutin; hydroquinone is only mentioned as a comparator, and no data on its percutaneous penetration are provided.

综述指出氢醌长期大面积使用可增强经皮吸收，导致外源性褐黄病等严重并发症，证实存在经皮渗透风险。

The review indicates that long-term large-area use of hydroquinone enhances percutaneous absorption, leading to serious complications such as exogenous ochronosis, confirming the risk of percutaneous penetration.

人体体内实验显示24小时生物利用度为45.3%，血浆中快速检测到放射性，证实氢醌经皮渗透显著。

Human in vivo study showed 45.3% bioavailability over 24 h, with radioactivity detected rapidly in plasma, confirming significant percutaneous penetration of hydroquinone.